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传统诗词英译妄谈:长度计量单位“里”

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发表于 2013-2-14 17:32 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
本帖最后由 雪落窗台 于 2013-2-14 17:49 编辑

    古代长度计量单位有:寻、仞、寸、扶、咫、尺、丈、跬、步、常、矢、筵、几、轨、雉、里、毫、厘等,先秦国相异(包括周时诸侯国间),汉后代稍相异。北魏以后“尺”相当于今30-31cm,比市尺略小,而与英尺彷佛;“里”稍略大于今市里,故1英里约等于3里。

    牧之以“南朝四百八十寺”、“二十四桥明月夜”等,梦得以“春城三百九十桥”、“新声促柱十三弦”等,被讥为诗中“算博士”,是诗有别于文,只须大糙,甚至如新诗,可以胡说八道。然既“形象思维”,长度是第一维,又岂可全然忽略?

    毛泽东诗词英译,《十六字令》“山,快马加鞭未下鞍。惊回首,离天三尺三”末句被译作:the sky is three foot three above me;《渔家傲·反第二次大围剿》“七百里驱十五日”被译作:seven hundred li ;《清平乐·六盘山》“屈指行程二万”译作:twenty thousand li;《七律·送瘟神》“坐地日行八千里”译作:eighty thousand li。皆求精准,而《沁园春·雪》“千里冰封,万里雪飘”则译作:A hundred leagues locked in ice, /A thousand leagues of whirling snow。夫league,“里格”也,约合三英里,则A hundred leagues=300 miles=900 li, A thousand leagues=9000 li,近合。译者钱钟书自曝不喜数学,常不及格,但翻译小组中自有能换算者。然何不作 A thousand li/ten thousand li,或其他li换作league,以求卷内统一?

    西方汉学家翻译中国古诗,或知其大部为概指,不做计较,“尺”与foot/feet、“里”与mile通译,如Stephen Owen(宇文所安) 译老杜《羌村》“归客千里至”作:from a thousand miles the traveler comes home 。又如S.Obata 译李白《送友人》“孤蓬万里征”作:You go ten thousand miles 。又如Cecile Sun 译南朝何逊《相送诗》“孤游重千里”作:Still ahead is a lonely journey of a thousand miles;或径做简化,以概对概,如Ezra Pound 转译李白上句作: a thousand miles,缩为“千里”,亦无不可;又如Stephen Owen 译小杜《赠别其一》“春风十里扬州路” 作:Ten leagues of spring breeze on the roads of Yangzhou,扩大为“百里”,然“路”用复数 roads,则大小路合计总长,自有其揣摩之理在焉;或最简单法,以li直译,如Amy Lowell 译上句作ten thousand li,又如Florence Ayscough 译老杜上句作:he arrives frome a thousand li;或致“里”于不顾,另以其借喻或借代之义,直线联两点,如新西兰路易·艾黎Rewi Alley 绝大多数“里”均不做直译,如老杜《房兵曹胡马》“骁腾有如此,万里可横行”译作:its gallant spirit will carry one unheard-of distances in one day;s march,又如老杜《奉赠韦左丞丈二十二韵》“白鸥没浩荡,万里谁能驯”译作:A bird vanishes through the heavens,/Who will be able to cage him again?优劣各存,兹事体大于本文所及。

    还有一种,换算为英里数,如白居易《长恨歌》“西出都门百余里”,此非虚数,马嵬坡在今陕西兴平县,距长安约百余里。H.A.Giles 译作:A hundred li beyond the western gate;而 W.J.B.Fletcher 则换算,大概觉得“百余里”120更近于90,乃译为forty miles。

    唯 Witter Bynner and Kiang Kang-hu 翻译,1929年N.Y.出版的The Jade Mountain.(有称作《群玉山头》,盖The Jade Mountain.为译李白《清平调之一》“群玉山头”之英文)最泥守换算法,译有唐诗320首,凡译出“里”者,无论概指、泛指、虚指,或实指,一律除以三换算作英里 mile。

    其中或可称道严谨者,如王维《青溪》“趣途无百里”译作:On a journey of less than thirty miles,结合上下文义,以实指为佳;丘为《寻西山隐者不遇》“绝顶一茅茨,直上三十里”后句译作:I have climbed, without stopping, these ten miles,步行登山,当可计较;韩愈《八月十五夜赠张功曹》“赦书一日行千里”译作:The edict granting pardons runs three hundred miles a day,赦书,非三百里加急,日千里已夸张,故不可再用mile;白居易《长恨歌》“西出都门百余里”译作:But thirty miles from the capital, beyond the western gate,上已述之,为实指;老杜《登高》“万里悲秋常作客”译作:I have come three thousand miles away. Sad now with autumn,原诗“万里”指夔州距故乡洛阳遥远,为概指,如按“大约左右”估之,实右出不少,既译为散句,使近实,亦无不可;卢纶《晚次鄂州》“万里归心对月明”译作:Three thousand miles my heart goes, homesick with the moon,情景同上;韩愈《石鼓歌》“蒐于岐阳骋雄俊,万里禽兽皆遮罗”后句译作:Fallen birds and animals were strewn three thousand miles,道理颇在:蒐,狩猎,“遮罗”(围捕)所及岂可夸张至上万英里?李商隐《春雨》“玉璫缄札何由达,万里云罗一雁飞”译作:in three thousand miles of cloud,为怀人之作,取鸿雁传书之义,显然“万里”当可计较;李白《下江陵》“千里江陵一日还”译作:To Jiangling by night-fall is three hundred miles,此“千里”非虚指,盖依典籍“有时朝发白帝,暮到江陵,其间千二百里,虽乘奔御风,不为疾也”,若严谨以four hundred miles更好;小杜《赠别其一》“春风十里扬州路”译作:On the Yangzhou Road for three miles in the breeze,虽属虚以概指,然以“城”之囿,勿使靡夸亦好;韦庄《金陵图》“依旧烟笼十里堤”译作:Which loom still for three miles along the misty moat,描述实物,虽夸张,但须不显离左右,故此换算尚可嘉。

    尚有并不除以三,而作其他方式处理者,亦可归为严谨类,如李白《关山月》“长风几万里,吹度玉门关”首句译作:And the wind, that has come a thousand miles,缩约十倍,仍皆虚指,然后者更切;《子夜四时歌·夏歌》“镜湖三百里”译作:On Mirror Lake outspread for miles and miles,镜湖,鉴湖也,在浙江绍兴东南,湖长30里(10英里),面积12平方里(1.3平方英里)原夸张十倍,译文仍夸张,但无地理错误之嫌;李白《庐山遥寄卢侍御虚舟》“登高……黄云万里动风色”译作:Yellow clouds that winds have driven hundreds of miles,考虑人目所及,即夸张,几百里较万里为适;又《宣州谢朓楼饯别校书叔云》“长风万里送秋雁”译作:The autumn wildgeese have a long wind for escort,佳;白居易《自河南经乱关内阻饥兄弟离散……》“吊影分为千里雁”译作:I moan to my shadow like a lone-wandering wildgoose,时白在吴越避难,兄弟各在江西景德镇、浙江临安、安徽和县,此译无不可;岑参《白雪歌送武判官归》“愁云惨淡万里凝”译作:And darkness masses its endless clouds,亦佳;祖咏《望蓟门》“万里寒光生积雪”译作:In an endless cold light of massive snow,仍佳;柳中庸《征人怨》“万里黄河绕黑山”译作:And the Yellow Stream ring the Black Mountain forever,原句近乎语病,此译甚高明。

    毛泽东诗词英译中“里”作如是处理亦为常见,如《采桑子·重阳》“寥廓江天万里霜”译作:See the endless expanse of frosty sky and water;《蝶恋花·答李淑一》“万里长空且为忠魂舞”译作:To dance for these loyal souls in infinite space;《七律·和郭沫若》“玉宇澄清万里埃”译作:And the jade-like firmament was cleared of dust。皆恰,“万里”未必如endless、infinite space、firmament更大;《水调歌头·重上井冈山》“千里来寻故地”译作:Coming from afar to view our old haunt,何止“千里”?因此更切;《水调歌头·游泳》“万里长江横渡”译作:Now I am swimming across the great Yangtze,撇开“万里”,佳,夫“万里”为长度方向,与“横”向毫无干涉,此处岂不是赘语?“万里黄河绕黑山”犹可强解作“万里长之黄河在此绕黑山”,而此句无可辩解,更无意味,其好用壮词,而未必皆恰用。

    然而The Jade Mountain.过泥处亦多,如王昌龄《同从弟南斋玩月忆山阴崔少府》“千里其如何?”译作:He is far, far away from us, three hundred miles away,山阴即绍兴,若实指距长安三百英里又何止?若按用典于谢庄《月赋》“隔千里兮共明月”,谢原即虚指,此处何必拘泥?李颀《听董大弹胡笳弄兼寄语房给事》“皆应手……万里浮云阴且晴”译作:Three thousand miles of floating clouds darken and lighten,或许大漠琴应,范围关系意象,即如王维《观猎》“千里暮云平”尚在极望,但“万里”既虚指,何必以非整数?a thousand miles、thousands、hundreds、a hundred miles不亦可乎?

    而如下之换算,不啻脱裤子排气,抑且毫无理致:李颀《古从军行》“野云万里无城郭”译作:Three thousand miles without a town, nothing but camps,村落人烟非城,万里借代“广阔”,何必视泛为精?崔涂《除夜有怀》“迢递三巴路,羁危万里身”后句译作:I have come three thousand miles, anxious and watchful,此“万里”非对应“三巴路”,若是,三千英里亦远过,乃指飘泊羁旅之身;柳宗元《登柳州城楼寄漳汀封连四州刺史》“岭树重遮千里目”译作:Nothing to see for three hundred miles but a blur of woods and mountain,王之涣《登鹳雀楼》“欲穷千里目”译作:But you widen your view three hundred miles,一换算非整,则二句皆为“千里眼”之实指;张祜《河满子》“故国三千里”译作:She has lived here a thousand miles from her home,(另有Innes Herdan 亦译作:a thousand miles away.) 此“三千里”纯为与下句“二十年”对偶;李商隐《瑶池》“八骏日行三万里”译作:Ten thousand miles a day,白居易有《八骏图》“日行万里速如飞”,《拾遗记·周穆王》有“夜行千里”,是借神话传说,即十万里又如何?王昌龄《出塞》“万里长征人未还”译作:And the road our troops are travelling goes back three hundred miles,译者似忠实于唐王朝疆域,使人不误至西伯利亚高加索山脉一带,然“征人”西征北战,“未还”之前,累计征程何止数“万里”?王维《老将行》“一身转战三千里”译作:Fighting single- handed for a thousand miles,道理同上。

    如下之处理,另败:老杜《野望》“南浦清江万里桥”译作:And waters in this southern lake flash on a long bridge,万里桥为桥名,但非指桥长,再夸张何至如此?盖用典于传说:诸葛亮送费祎使吴至此桥时云:“万里之行,始于此桥”故名,long何来历?钱起《送僧归日本》“惟怜一灯影,万里眼中明”译作:And the eye still watches beyond the/The holy light of your single lantern  horizon,此非实景,佛教以“灯”能以明破暗,用喻佛法,即下句“明”,“万里”概指世界;李白《渡荆门送别》“万里送行舟”译作:To draw your boat three hundred miles,《送友人》“孤蓬万里征”译作:Like a loosened water-plant hundreds of miles,此二处“万里”与上述“万里身”同,皆非孤指单程。

    里,看似好译,胶柱其实,易出问题。Charles Egan 译王之涣《登鹳雀楼》“欲穷千里目”作:If you wangt to see a fuether thousand miles,意为“登斯楼已穷千里目,再上一层则再远看另一千里”,问题之出,实仍在“千里”欲坐实;Stephen Owen(宇文所安) 译王维《观猎》“千里暮云平”作:a thousand leagues of evening clouds flat,扩大近十倍,无端生乱,而其译李白“长风万里送秋雁”作:The long winds come from thousands of miles,一做变通,皆通。凡据义而善变通者,多近佳译,如Innes Herdan 译“万里长征人未还”作:mile after mile to battle they marched and never returned,其mile after mile有流动感与累计感之在,使原文文字内外之义具见。

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